Exploring the relationship between tychoparthenogenesis and inbreeding depression in the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria

Tychoparthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction in which a small proportion of unfertilized eggs can hatch spontaneously, could be an intermediate evolutionary link in the transition from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction. The lower fitness of tychoparthenogenetic offspring could be due to either developmental constraints or to inbreeding depression in more homozygous individuals. We tested the hypothesis that in populations where inbreeding depression has been purged, tychoparthenogenesis may be less costly. To assess this hypothesis, we compared the impact of inbreeding and parthenogenetic treatments on eight life-history traits (five measuring inbreeding depression and three measuring inbreeding avoidance) in four laboratory populations of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, with contrasted demographic histories. Overall, we found no clear relationship between the population history (illustrated by the levels of genetic diversity or inbreeding) and inbreeding depression, or between inbreeding depression and parthenogenetic capacity. First, there was a general lack of inbreeding depression in every population, except in two populations for two traits. This pattern could not be explained by the purging of inbreeding load in the studied populations. Second, we observed large differences between populations in their capacity to reproduce through tychoparthenogenesis. Only the oldest laboratory population successfully produced parthenogenetic offspring. However, the level of inbreeding depression did not explain the differences in parthenogenetic success between all studied populations. Differences in development constraints may arise driven by random and selective processes between populations. (Résumé d'auteur

Caractérisation des monocytes et de leur impact dans l’immunité naturelle lors de l’infection au VIH dans une cohorte béninoise

La majorité des infections par le VIH sont acquises hétérosexuellement surtout chez les femmes en Afrique subsaharienne. Le tractus génital féminin (TGF) est la principale porte d’entrée pour le VIH et joue un rôle important dans la défense de l’organisme. De concert avec les cellules épithéliales, les cellules dendritiques (DC) aident à maintenir une balance immunitaire entre tolérance et inflammation. Dans un groupe de travailleuses du sexe (CSW) à Cotonou, au Bénin, des femmes (CSW ≥ 8 ans) ont été identifiées comme hautement exposées séronégatives (HESN). La fréquence de populations cellulaires myéloïdes de type Monocytes-Derived Dendritic Cells (MoDC) présentant un potentiel antiviral et « tolérogénique/régulateur » est augmentée au niveau du TGF des HESNs et les monocytes pourraient être impliqués dans leur génération. Les résultats de RNA-seq sur les monocytes totaux permettent de constater une augmentation de gènes associés à des fonctions effectrices, de protection/contrôle de l’infection et de régulation chez les HESNs comparé aux contrôles (2,5-5 années CSWs HIV- « early HESN », CSWs HIV+ et des femmes de la population générale Non CSWs HIV-). Les résultats de cytométrie en flux (FACS) démontrent une proportion élevée de non-classiques comparé aux autres sous-populations de monocytes sanguins, exprimant davantage de molécules effectrices et régulatrices, suggérant un lien avec les MoDCs tolérogéniques observées. Cinq individus ont séroconverti et ont présenté des modifications bien avant la séroconversion, soit une diminution de β-chimiokines et des IgG anti-gp41 dans le compartiment sanguin et mucosal du TGF. Un bris du profil « tolérogénique/régulateur » pourrait donc favoriser la séroconversion.Most HIV infection are acquired through heterosexual intercourse, mostly in women in subsaharian Africa. The female genital tract (FGT) is the principal portal of entry for HIV and plays a critical role in host defense. Together, epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DC) help maintain immunological balance between inflammation and tolerance. In a group of commercial sex worker (CSW) from Cotonou, in Benin, women (CSW 8 ≥ years) have been identified as HIV-1 highly exposed seronegative (HESN). The frequency of myeloid cell populations alike to Monocytes-Derived Dendritic Cells (MoDC) presenting an antiviral potential and a tolerogenic/regulating profile were increased in FGT of HESNs and their monocytes could be implied in their generation. The RNA-seq results on total blood monocytes show an increase expression of genes associated with effector, protection/control of HIV infection and regulation functions in HESNs compared with control groups (2,5-5 years CSWs HIV- « early HESN », CSWs HIV+ and women from general population Non CSWs HIV-). Our flow cytometry (FACS) results show an elevated frequency of non-classical compared with other sub-populations in blood monocytes, expressing more effector and regulator molecules, suggesting a link with observed tolerogenic MoDCs. Moreover, five individuals have seroconverted and presented modifications before seroconversion such as lower levels of β-chemokines and anti-gp41 IgG in blood and mucosal compartments in the FGT. A break of this “tolerogenic/regulating” profile could favor seroconversion

A new multi locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis scheme for epidemiological surveillance of Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum, the plant pathogen causing bacterial wilt on banana and enset

Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm) which causes Xanthomonas wilt (XW) on banana (Musa accuminata x balbisiana) and enset (Ensete ventricosum), is closely related to the species Xanthomonas vasicola that contains the pathovars vasculorum (Xvv) and holcicola (Xvh), respectively pathogenic to sugarcane and sorghum. Xvm is considered a monomorphic bacterium whose intra-pathovar diversity remains poorly understood. With the sudden emergence of Xvm within east and central Africa coupled with the unknown origin of one of the two sublineages suggested for Xvm, attention has shifted to adapting technologies that focus on identifying the origin and distribution of the genetic diversity within this pathogen. Although microbiological and conventional molecular diagnostics have been useful in pathogen identification. Recent advances have ushered in an era of genomic epidemiology that aids in characterizing monomorphic pathogens. To unravel the origin and pathways of the recent emergence of XW in Eastern and Central Africa, there was a need for a genotyping tool adapted for molecular epidemiology. Multi-Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) is able to resolve the evolutionary patterns and invasion routes of a pathogen. In this study, we identified microsatellite loci from nine published Xvm genome sequences. Of the 36 detected microsatellite loci, 21 were selected for primer design and 19 determined to be highly typeable, specific, reproducible and polymorphic with two- to four- alleles per locus on a sub-collection. The 19 markers were multiplexed and applied to genotype 335 Xvm strains isolated from seven countries over several years. The microsatellite markers grouped the Xvm collection into three clusters; with two similar to the SNP-based sublineages 1 and 2 and a new cluster 3, revealing an unknown diversity in Ethiopia. Five of the 19 markers had alleles present in both Xvm and Xanthomonas vasicola pathovars holcicola and vasculorum, supporting the phylogenetic closeliness of these three pathovars. Thank to the public availability of the haplotypes on the MLVABank database, this highly reliable and polymorphic genotyping tool can be further used in a transnational surveillance network to monitor the spread and evolution of XW throughout Africa.. It will inform and guide management of Xvm both in banana-based and enset-based cropping systems. Due to the suitability of MLVA-19 markers for population genetic analyses, this genotyping tool will also be used in future microevolution studies